It’s OK Not To Be OK : Pengalaman Psikologis  pada Perawat yang Menangani Pasien Covid-19

Ika Febrian Kristiana

doi:10.32528/ins.v18i1.4255

It’s OK Not To Be OK : Pengalaman Psikologis pada Perawat yang Menangani Pasien Covid-19

Ika Febrian Kristiana

Abstract

The Covid-19 outbreak in Indonesia has had a psychological impact on nurses as the vanguard of handling Covid-19. Psychological hazards to nurses must receive attention because they affect the quality of health services provided. This study aims to describe the psychological experiences of nurses in dealing with Covid-19 patients. A phenomenological qualitative approach is used to describe the experience of nurses. Four participants who agreed to have been involved in this study and were interviewed in-depth online. Data analysis was carried out following procedures from psychological phenomenology (Moustakas, 1994). The results of the analysis show that there is a negative psychological response at the beginning of carrying out Covid-19 handling tasks, including anxiety, fear, and sadness to cause psychosomatic problem. Performing adaptive stress coping (Problem-focused) makes the psychological response of nurses more positive despite the fluctuations and contradictions of emotion-cognition in subsequent experiences, for example: tired vs proud, longing vs sad. Several things that determine the positive psychological experience of nurses include coping strategies; personal protective equipment, hospital facilities, welfare improvement, family support, and community compliance with health protocols. The social stigma that Covid-19 nurses can transmit the virus creates an attitude of rejection from the community. Thus, the results of this study can be considered in developing psychological interventions for nurses and psychosocial policies to educate the public.

Keywords

: psychological hazard; coping strategies; social support; pandemic; nurse

Full Text:

PDF

References

Alvsvåg, H. (2014). Philosophy of caring. I: Alligood, MR red. Nursing theorists and their work, 147-201.

Bandura, A. (1978). The self system in reciprocal determinism. American psychologist, 33(4), 344.

Barello, S., Palamenghi, L., & Graffigna, G. (2020). Stressors and resources for healthcare professionals during the Covid-19 pandemic: lesson learned from Italy. Frontiers in Psychology, 11.10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02179

Bullock, D., & Merrill, L. (1980). The impact of personal preference on consistency through time: The case of childhood aggression. Child Development, 808-814.

Chen, Y., Liu, Q., & Guo, D. (2020). Emerging coronaviruses: Genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(4), 418-423. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25681

Chen, R., Sun, C., Chen, J. J., Jen, H. J., Kang, X. L., Kao, C. C., & Chou, K. R. (2020). A Large‐Scale Survey on Trauma, Burnout, and Posttraumatic Growth among Nurses during the COVID‐19 Pandemic. International journal of mental health nursing. DOI: 10.1111/inm.12796

Cheng, Q., Liang, M., Li, Y., He, L., Guo, J., Fei, D., Zhang, Z. (2020). Correspondence Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19. Lancet, 7, 15–26. DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30078-X

Creswell, J. W. (2007). Five qualitative approaches to inquiry. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches, 2, 53-80.

Dinç, L., & Gastmans, C. (2013). Trust in nurse–patient relationships: A literature review. Nursing ethics, 20(5), 501-516. DOI:10.1177/0969733012468463

Downar, J., Seccareccia, D., & Associated Medical Services Inc. Educational Fellows in Care at the End of Life. (2010). Palliating a pandemic:“all patients must be cared for”. Journal of pain and symptom management, 39(2), 291-295. DOI: DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2009.11.241

Emmons, R. A., & Diener, E. (1986). A goal-affect analysis of everyday situational choices. Journal of Research in Personality, 20(3), 309-326.

Fadli, F., Safruddin, S., Ahmad, A. S., Sumbara, S., & Baharuddin, R. (2020). Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kecemasan pada Tenaga Kesehatan Dalam Upaya Pencegahan Covid-19. Jurnal Pendidikan Keperawatan Indonesia, 6(1), 57-65. https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/JPKI/article/view/24546/pdf

Hanggoro, A. Y., Suwarni, L., Selviana, S., & Mawardi, M. (2020). Dampak Psikologis Pandemi Covid-19 pada Tenaga Kesehatan: A Studi Cross-Sectional di Kota Pontianak. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia, 15(2), 13-18.

Henderson, V. (2006). The concept of nursing*. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 53(1), 21-31. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03660.x

Huang, J. Z., Han, M. F., Luo, T. D., Ren, A. K. & Zhou, X. P. (2020). Mental health survey of medical staff in a tertiary infectious disease hospital for COVID-19. Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, 38, 192–195

Kadir, A. (2020) Keselamatan Tenaga Kesehatan Keselamatan Kita Semua. Dipublikasikan Pada: Jumat, 11 September 2020. Kemkes.go.id. https://www.kemkes.go.id/article/view/20091200004/keselamatan-tenaga-kesehatan-keselamatan-kita-semua.html

Kahija, Y. L. (2017). Penelitian fenomenologis jalan memahami pengalaman hidup. Yogyakarta: Kanisius (Anggota IKAPI).

Kang, L., Li, Y., Hu, S., Chen, M., Yang, C., Yang, B. X., ... & Chen, J. (2020). The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(3), e14. DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30047-X.

Klainin‐Yobas, P., Keawkerd, O., Pumpuang, W., Thunyadee, C., Thanoi, W., & He, H. G. (2014). The mediating effects of coping on the stress and health relationships among nursing students: A structural equation modelling approach. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 70(6), 1287-1298. DOI: 10.1111/jan.12283

Kisely, S., Warren, N., McMahon, L., Dalais, C., Henry, I. & Siskind, D. (2020). Occurrence, prevention, and management of the psychological effects of emerging virus outbreaks on healthcare workers: rapid review and metaanalysis. BMJ, 369.

Lai, J., Ma, S., Wang, Y., Cai, Z., Hu, J., Wei, N., ... & Hu, S. (2020). Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA network open, 3(3), e203976. DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976

Lima, C.K.T., Carvalho, P.M.M., Lima, I.A., Nunes, J.V.A.O., Saraiva, J.S., Souza, R.I., Silva, C.G.L., Rolim Neto, M.L., (2020). The emotional impact of Coronavirus 2019- nCoV (new Coronavirus disease). Psychiatry Research 287, 112915. DOI: DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112915

Lin, K., Yang, B. X., Luo, D. et al. (2020). The mental health effects of COVID-19 on health care providers in China. American Journal of Psychiatry

Lorente, L., Vera, M., & Peiró, T. (2020). Nurses´ stressors and psychological distress during the COVID‐19 pandemic: The mediating role of coping and resilience. Journal of Advanced Nursing. DOI: 10.1111/jan.14695

Lu, H., Stratton, C. W., & Tang, Y.-W. (2020). Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: The mystery and the miracle. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(4), 401-402. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25678

Maldonato, N. M., Bottone, M., Chiodi, A., Continisio, G. I., De Falco, R., Duval, M., & Scandurra, C. (2020). A Mental Health First Aid Service in an Italian University Public Hospital during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak. Sustainability, 12(10), 4244.

Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. California: Sage publications.

Nelson, S. M., & Lee-Winn, A. E. (2020). The mental turmoil of hospital nurses in the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, Vol. 12, No. S1, S126–S127. DOI: 10.1037/tra0000810

Pappa, S., Ntella, V., Giannakas, T., Giannakoulis, V. G., Papoutsi, E., & Katsaounou, P. (2020). Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain, behavior, and immunity. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.026

Peplau, H. E. (2004). Interpersonal Relations in Nursing: A Conceptual Frame of Reference for Psychodynamic Nursing. New York: Springer Publishing Company.

Rosyanti, L., & Hadi, I. (2020). Dampak Psikologis dalam Memberikan Perawatan dan Layanan Kesehatan Pasien COVID-19 pada Tenaga Profesional Kesehatan. Health Information: Jurnal Penelitian, 12(1), 107-130.

Saleha, N., Delfina, R., Nurlaili, N., Ardiansyah, F., & Nafratilova, M. (2020). Dukungan sosial dan kecerdasan spiritual sebagai faktor yang memengaruhi stres Perawat di masa pandemi Covid-19. NURSCOPE: Jurnal Penelitian dan Pemikiran Ilmiah Keperawatan, 6(2), 57-65. DOI: 10.30659/nurscope.6.2.57-65

Sohrabi, C., Alsafi, Z., O'Neill, N., Khan, M., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., . . . Agha, R. (2020). World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). International journal of surgery (London, England), 76, 71-76. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02. 034

Strandås, Maria; Bondas, Terese (2018). The nurse-patient relationship as a story of health enhancement in community care: A meta-ethnography. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 74(1), 11–22. DOI:10.1111/jan.13389

Tan, B. Y. Q., Chew, N. W. S., Lee, G. K. H., Jing, M., Goh, Y., Yeo, L. L. L., . . . Sharma, V. K. (2020). Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Health Care Workers in Singapore. Annals of internal medicine, M20- 1083. DOI: 10.7326/M20-1083

Tim Komunikasi Komite Penanganan COVID-19 dan Pemulihan Ekonomi Nasional, 2020). Covid19.go.id

World Health Organization. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation reports.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32528/ins.v18i1.4255

Refbacks

There are currently no refbacks.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

View My Stats

Username
Password
Remember me