Rural Household Food Security In Kudus Central Java

Evidence of previous studies indicated that food security is a common problem in most areas of the world. This study aims to determine the proportion of food consumption expenditure on total of rural household expenditure, rural household food security conditions, and factors influencing food security of rural households in Kudus District. To estimate the factors influencing food security, a series of models is created. Pooled least square regression is used to estimate the factors. This study indicate that the average proportion of food expenditure on total household expenditure is 56.4%. Food vulnerability is the highest category of food security conditions of rural household in Kudus District which reached an average level of energy consumption is 113,42% with food expenditure proportion equal to 73,15%. Based on analysis there are eight factors from ten factors used by researchers have influenced household food security in terms of energy consumption, while there are seven factors that affecting food security seen from household protein consumption. The analysis of the factors influencing food security in rural household in Kudus District shows that side jobs have two contradictory impacts reviewed from energy and protein consumption. This research also finds out that eggs real price does not have any influence toward rural household food security in Kudus District.


INTRODUCTION
Food security is a condition of sufficient food from the national level up to individual level that is reflected in the availability of adequate food of both quantity and quality, safe, diverse, nutritious, equitable, affordable and not contrary to the religion and culture of the community so that people can live healthily, actively and productively in a sustainable way (Vuong, et. al. 2015).
Food security is divided into four levels, i.e. national food security, regional security, household or family food security, and individual food security.
The proportion of food expenditure and energy consumption are important indicators in determining household food security. Having a good national food security condition does not guarantee resilience at the regional level, even households or individual level. This is because each household has different food availability and food accents which will influence the nutritional value that can be absorbed by each individual in each family. Three pillars under-pinning food security i.e. food availability, food accessibility, and food utilization. Food availability means nutrition status (Gani, A. and Biman, C. P., 2007, World Bank, 2001, and Khan, et. al, 2012. . Food insecurity is increasing in the world where 925 million people are undernourished. Among of those people, about 900 million people are living in Volume 02, No 02-September 2018ISSN: 2581-1339, ISSN: 2615-4862 (Online) developing countries (FAO, 2010). More than 70% of these people live in rural areas and depend, directly or indirectly, on agriculture for their living (Bashir, M.K., Steven, S., and Ram, P., 2012).
Rural areas are characterized by typical living conditions, life styles, and cultural patterns (Perpar, A., 2006

Research design and sample
Multistage sampling technique was used to select respondents for this study. Kudus District has 9 sub-district and 123 villages so the respondent was selected using judgement sampling approach, households which is living in rural areas with certain characteristics were chosen to be respondents. this gave a total of 50 respondents, who were used as sample size for the study.

Method of data collection
Primary data and secondary data was used to collect data for the study through the use of structural interview schedule which was administered to equal number of household (50)

Statistical analysis:
The proportion of food expenditure toward total expenditure is the comparison or ratio of the expenditure amount for household food to the household expenditure. and food insecure (Maxwell , et al., 2000). 3. Questionable 4. Insecure Adopted from Maxwell, et. al. (2000) Pooled Least Square analysis method is applied to analyse the data.  Table 3.    productivity level, meaning that the higher one's age the lower his/her work productivity will be. As one's age increases it will lower one's creativity and usability (Pandapotan, 2013 (Abdullah, at. al., 2017;Felker-Kantor and Wood, 2012;Zakari, at. al. 2014).. food security (Olayemi, 2012). The research result shows that most family members are in productive age so that their existence can help to increase the household's income and security. The number of family member is the main determiner of food security (Amaza, et al. 2006). In this research, it is found that most family members are in productive age, so that their existence can increase family's income which will influence food quality and quantity consumed by that household. Reviewed from the protein consumption aspect, the household head's education level positively influences the food security.
The effect of education towards food security are based on the rural population, human capital theory states that human capital is the main determiner of production and then the success chance of work and income (Mutisya, et al., 2016).
These theories prove that education as proxy of human capital, are related to productivity and efficiency. The level of education will have implications in the food quality that can be seen from its nutrition level, so that food diversity and nutrition adequacy of that household can be fulfilled. Significant value differences are indicated from household asset variable reviewed from energy consumption or protein consumption and they both have positive influences on rural household food security in Kudus District. The lower the productive asset possession is, the higher food insecurity will it have, the productive asset possession tends to be directed on the household income level, if the income is low, the purchasing power will be low too (Sari and Bambang, 2009). Household assets that can generate Volume 02, No 02-September 2018ISSN: 2581-1339(Print), ISSN: 2615 income will raise the probability for food security of rural household in Kudus District. Side job variable influences negatively toward rural household food security reviewed from energy consumption. Having many jobs, inflexible working hour, and overnight work will influence the time limitation to choose and prepare healthy food (Devine, et. al., 2003). the energy need of a worker will make that worker get tired faster (Tasmi, et al., 2015).
Remittance becomes an important thing in income source and external finance for many people in developing countries and economic sources that promises a development (Jebran, et al., 2016). In this research there are some family members who wander from their hometown, then send some of their salary for the remaining members who stay at home. Remittance variable positively influences rural household food security in Kudus District. Households receiving remittance money will reach food security, while those not receiving remittance money will experience a lack in food security (Abdullah, et. al., 2017).  (Sinaga, et., al., 2013). Higher income shows a higher purchasing power as well as the accessibility toward a better food quality.
In this research the average of total household income is higher than the minimum regional salary settled.
Household that having high income will try to fulfil quality demand, so that rice consumption will be lowered and will move on expensive foods like meat or fast food (Purwantini, and Ariani, 2006 (Santi, and Andrias, 2005). The major main food of Kudus people is rice, so that rice availability in the market will influence the food security of rural households.
Real eggs price variable does not have any influence toward rural household food security in Kudus District reviewed from protein consumption. Eggs are the type of food without close substitution, so that its price change will relatively not influence its demand. It happens because the customers will still buy eggs or in other words the demand of eggs is inelastic (Mankiw, and Taylor, 2006).
Besides that, the average total income of rural households is higher than regional minimum salary (UMR) settled in Kudus District, so that if there is an increase of eggs price, the demand of it in the market will not decrease significantly.

CONCLUSION
The analysis of the factors influencing food security in rural household in Kudus District shows that side jobs have two contradictory impacts reviewed from energy and protein consumption. Someone having many jobs, inflexible working hours, and overtime work will influence the time limitation to choose and prepare healthy food. Thus, even though the rural household income increases, the increase in food security will not be guaranteed. The energy supply will be needed compared to protein.
Energy will help our body to do a series of activities done in side jobs. This research also finds out that eggs real price does not have any influence toward rural household food security in Kudus District. Eggs are the type of food without close substitution, so that its price change will relatively not influence its demand. It happens because the customers will still buy eggs or in other words the demand of eggs is inelastic. 02, No 02-September 2018ISSN: 2581-1339, ISSN: 2615-4862 (Online)